Blog

NEW PAPER – Out of habitat marine mammals

Following on from the workshops that Mark Simmonds and I organised in 2021 and 2022, I am pleased to announce that we have published a new article on this issue in the journal Marine Policy. Huge thanks to my 13 co-authors for their excellent contributions and thank you, also, to everyone who attended the workshops. Thank you to OceanCare for funding me during the preparation of the article and for ensuring it has been published open access. The abstract of the article says:

An out of habitat (OOH) marine mammal is an individual found outside of their natural range, e.g., an Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) along the coastline of mainland Europe, or an individual within their natural range in habitat that is not optimal for their health or survival due to a lack of suitable conditions and/or because of potential conflict with humans. As the number of OOH marine mammals appears to be increasing, and following on from two international workshops, here we define what constitutes an OOH marine mammal and provide a detailed assessment of potential drivers. Climate change, habitat loss and/or degradation, disturbance, changes in prey distribution, and morbidity may all be reasons for a marine mammal being OOH. Appropriate management of OOH marine mammals is considered. This may simply involve monitoring to better understand the situation, to protect the welfare of the animal(s) and to ensure that members of the public are kept safe. However, on occasion, further intervention may be required, such as providing safe areas for the OOH marine mammal(s), encouraging the animal(s) to move, capture and translocation, or euthanasia. Regardless of the action taken, educating and communicating with the public are key elements of OOH marine mammal management. Lessons can be learned from human-wildlife conflict and rewilding scenarios. The potential for OOH marine mammals to be pioneers seeking new habitat, contributing to species resilience in the face of rapidly changing environments, and how to include them in conservation legislation and management planning are considered.

Marine mammals seeking human company

I’m delighted to announce that a new book chapter which I co-authored with Mark P Simmonds is now available in the book “Marine Mammals: the Evolving Human Factor” edited by Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara and Bernd Würsig and published by Springer. The chapter is called “Marine Mammals Seeking Human Company” and it explores those interactions between marine mammals and people in which the animals seem to choose to connect with us. Some well-documented examples are considered, and particular attention given to the phenomenon of “solitary-sociable dolphins,” of which more than three dozen have been recorded since 2008. The history of these “friendly” animals reveals that they are often exposed to harmful, and even lethal, interactions, underlining the need to manage their circumstances better, including trying to prevent them from becoming habituated to human company in the first place. The case studies explored include the histories of Springer and Luna, orcas (Orcinus orca) that became separated from their natal pods when very young, Hvaldimir, a beluga (Delphinapterus leucas), who had once been a captive, and Fungie, a common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), who lived alone for thirty-six years in a small bay in Ireland. The stories of Springer and Hvaldimir show that repatriation to the wild is at times possible for such animals. Some “friendly” pinnipeds seeking human company have also been recorded with examples including a monk seal (Monachus monachus) in Samos, Greece and numerous friendly gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the United Kingdom. Three other categories of interactions are also described: cooperative fishing (where dolphins and fishermen act in collaboration to the advantage of both), other solicitations of human assistance (instances where animals have approached swimmers or divers to assist them in removing something from their bodies), and food-sharing (where animals pass food to people). Some of the behaviors reported reflect the high-cognitive ability of the marine mammals concerned. Combined with the associated highly social nature of many small cetaceans, which can even extend to animals outside of their own species, this may help to explain why they sometimes form associations with people.

Out of Habitat marine mammals

If you’re interested in marine mammals you’ve probably heard about the walruses that have visited Europe this year causing a huge amount of interest and concern. They are not the only marine mammals to have turned up in places where we wouldn’t normally expect to find them and so Mark Simmonds and I organised the “Out of Habitat” Marine Mammal Workshop to investigate the matter further. The workshop took place at the end of September and we are now pleased to share the report of the workshop so please take a look if you would like to know more!

UNDER PRESSURE – The need to protect Whales and Dolphins in European Waters

Last week OceanCare published the report UNDER PRESSURE – The need to protect Whales and Dolphins in European Waters. As the editor of this report and a contributor to three of the chapters, I would like to encourage anyone interested in the threats facing cetaceans in Europe to read it and to take heed of the recommendations. Action is needed now to protect many species and populations from the threats of climate change, chemical pollution, noise pollution, bycatch, plastic pollution, disease and hunting.